The basis for satisfactory incinerator operation
is the proper analysis of the waste to
be destroyed, and the selection of proper equipment
to best
destroy that particular waste.
The changing pattern and immense volume
of Commercial and Industrial Refuse together
with an acute shortage of tipping space,
increasing labour costs and the enforcement
of the 'Clean air Act' by local Authorities,
highlight the need for efficient, reliable
incineration; for plant that has been designed
and built to the highest engineering standards
and with the present and future needs of
the customer constantly in the Designer's
mind.
Despite the advancement of modern technology
there still remain manufactures whose incinerators
are the products of outdated designs, old
fashioned thinking and early century type "By
Guess and By God" engineering. Incinerators
of this class, in which no thought has been
given to improving their functional reliability
by introducing new ideas, materials and methods,
or to reducing labour and maintenance costs
by employing tested techniques borrowed from
other associated industries, can only be
classed as an "expensive box of fire-bricks" and
are frequently condemned by Environmental
Health Inspectors and H.M. Factory Inspectors.
WHAT
IS AN INCINERATOR
An engineered
apparatue capable of safely withstanding
heat and designed to efficiently reduce recognized
types of waste at as specified rates, and from
which the residues contain little or no combustible
material.
WHAT MAKES ONE TYPE, OR
MAKE, OF INCINERATOR BETTER THAN ANOTHER
The
method of Design, Furnace Construction and
Manufacture. A good incinerator is one that
regularly
attains a high standard of Combustion Efficiency
when burning a specific class of waste. To
achieve this standard consistently the Design
and Construction
MUST ensure that:
Air and fuel are mixed
in correct theoretical proportion.
Air
and fuel, especially combustible gases,
are thoroughly mixed together.
Internal temperatures
must be sufficient for the spontaneous
ignition of both
the waste material
and its gaseous components (e.g.
Smoke and Fumes)
Furnace volumes must
be large enough to provide the necessary
retention
time needed
to achieve
complete combustion.
Furnace
propotions, and the type of refractory
materials used,
must be choosen to ensure
that ignition temperature are
maintained and 'fly-ash' emission is completely
minimized.
Maintenance can be simply accomplished
by the renewal of all parts
when required.
When operated
in accordance with the Manufacturer's
Instructions the Incinerator
will satisfy
the requirements of the
'CLEAN AIR ACT' and the
'SAFETY
AT WORK ACT'
The Incinerator
is easy to install and simple
to operate.
DO
I NEED A 'MAIN IGNITION BURNER'
If
the class of waste being burnt gives off
sufficient heat to maintain the required
ignition temperature
at the furnace Walls - then a Main Ignition Burner
would not needed since the heat absorbed by the
refractory lining would be sufficient to ignite
newly charged waste PROVIDING this material is
dry, readily combustible and contains less than
10% by weight of plastic.
If the waste to be burnt is wet and / or
has a low Heating Value (under 8,500 B.T.U.
per lb fired - SEE 'Classification of Wastes)
a Main Ignition Burner MUST BE FITTED.
DO
I NEED AN 'AFTER-BURNER'
It
depends where you are located and what type
of waste you intend burning. Incinerators not
fitted with 'After-Burners' tend to give off
some smoke when :-
They are first ignited from cold.
Their
Combustion Chamber is over-loaded with
rubbish and the incinerator is being forced
to burn more waste than it was designed
to handle.
Closed-down for the night.
If you Premises are in an isolated part of
the Country - you may avoid detection by
the Environmental Health Officer; if located
in a City or Town you would be well advised
to fit an 'After - Burner'
Notes:
Our 'Multiple-Chamber' Incinerators are designed
so that you can fit BOTH a Main Ignition
Burner and an After Burner AT ANY TIME
DURING THE WORKING-LIFE OF THE INCINERATOR.
This facility is provided to enable users
to increase the incinerator's Burning Capacity
so as to enable it to cope with moderate
increases of waste after the unit has been
installed.
WHAT ARE PACKAGED -TYPE
BURNERS'
"
Packaged" Burners are complete units,
requiring only fuel (gas or oil) and an electric
power
connection. Each burner is fitted with an
Air Blower, enabling the effectiveness of
the flame
to be increased, and various safety devices.
When fitted the Thermal Output of each Burner
is carefully matched to the Capacity of the
Incinerator, and the Class of Waste to be destroyed.
HOW DO I DECIDE WHAT SIZE
OF INCINERATOR I REQUIRE
The basis for satisfactory incinerator operation
is the proper analysis of the waste to be destroyed,
and the selection of proper equipment to best
destroy that particular waste.
Proceed as follows:-
Check 'CLASSIFICATION
OF WASTE CHART' to determine your type
of waste.
Note Average Weight pr Cu. Ft.
of Waste from chart.
Estimate Quantity
of Waste to be burnt per 5-day week and
convert this Quantity
to Total
Weight.
Decide Number of Hours Each
Day that waste is to be burnt and multiply
by 5 days to
obtain Weekly Burning Time.
Divide
total Weekly Weight of Waste (3) by the
total Weekly Burning
Time (4) to
determine
the Hourly Burning Capacity required
of the incinerator.
SEE 'SPECIMAN' CALCULATION
OVERPAGE.
HOW DO I DECIDE WHAT TYPE
OF INCINERATOR I NEED
The factors which decide the Type of Incinerator
required are : -
The CLASS of Waste to be burnt.
The QUANTITY
of Waste to be burnt.
The CONDITION of Waste
to be burnt.
The LOCATION of your Premises.
Whether the
REQUIREMENTS of the 'CLEAN AIR ACT' are
rigorously enforced by your Environmental
Health Officer.
For example, if you only want to burnt
Waste Paper (e.g. School Classroom Waste)
two or
three times a week then our inexpensive
rang of 'RUSTPROOF OUTDOOR INCINERATORS'
should
satisfy your needs. These incinerators
cannot be fitted with either Main Ignition
or After
- Burners. If you require to burn Class
'0', '1', or '2' Waste only Two or Three
Times
a Week our Vertical 'Retort -type' "INFURNIRATOR",
fitted with Burners, should prove satisfactory.
For burning Class '0', '1', '2', '3' and
'4' Waste on a regular daily basis then we
would strongly recommend one of our 'MULTIPLE
CHAMBER, HORIZONTAL FLOW INCINERATORS'
Because of special design features which
ensures perfect smokeless combustion, reduce
maintenance costs and eliminate the need
for total renewal in later years, our 'MULTIPLE
CHAMBER HORIZONTAL FLOW INCINERATORS' are
regarded by many Authorities as being "ideal
for most waste disposal applications" and
are used by Hospitals, Municipal Authorities,
and Industry.
WILL
MY INCINERATOR OPERATOR NEED SPECIAL TRAINING
No-
providing he, or she, follows the Operating
Instruction and supplied by the Manufacturer.
All CMTS incinerators are simple to use and require
NO PREVIOUS OPERATING EXPERIENCE.
SPECIMAN 'INCINERATOR
CAPACITY' CALCULATION.
1.
Classification
of Waste (from chart)
= Type '0'
2.
Weight Per Cubic Foot
(from chart)
(If wholly DRY - use 8 lbs.per.cu.ft.)
= 8 -10
3.
Amount
of Waste to be burnt Weekly
= Two
- 3 ¼ cub.yd. skips
4.
Total
Weekly Weight of Waste
= 3 ¼ cu.yd.
x 27 x 8 lbs x 2
= 1,404 lbs.
5.
Daily
Burning Time
= 7 hours
6.
Weekly
Burning Time
= 5 days
x 7 Hours
= 35 Hours Per Week.
7.
Incinerator
Capacity
= Weekly
Weight of Waste / Weekly Burning Time
= 1,404 lbs. / 35 hours.
= 40lbs Per Hour
8.
Main
Ignition Burner Required
= No.
(Waste wholly dry)
9.
After
Burner Required
= Highly
Recommended.
10.
Can Main
Ignition Burner be fitted afterwards if
condition and/or quantity of waste alters
= Yes…to
existing fitting.
CLASSIFIATION
OF WASTES AND INCINERATORS
The
basis for satisfactory incinerator operation
is the proper analysis of the waste to be destroyed,
and the selection of proper equipment to best
destroy that particular waste.
As a guide, mixtures of waste most commonly
encountered have been classified into types
of waste, together with the B.T.U. values
and moistures contents of the mixtures. A
concentration of one specific waste in the
mixture may change the B.T.U. value and/or
the moisture content of the mixture. A concentration
of more than 10% by weight of catalogues,
magazines, or packaged paper will change
the density of the mixture and affect burning
rates.
Similarly, incinerators have been classified,
by their capacities and by the type of waste
they are capable of incinerating.
CLASSIFICATION
OF WASTES
Type 0
Trash,
a mixture of highly combustible waste such
as paper, cardboard, cartons, wood
boxes, and combustible floor sweepings, from
commercial and industrial activities. The
mixture contain up to 10% by weight of plastic
bags,
coated paper, laminated paper, treated corrugated
cardboard, oily rags and plastic or rubber
scraps.
This type of waste contains 10% moisture,
5% incombustible solids and has a heating
value of 8500 B.T.U. per pound as fired.
Type 1
Rubbish, a mixture of combustible
waste such as paper, cardboard cartons, wood
scrap, foliage and combustible floor sweepings,
from domestic, commercial and industrial
activities. The mixture contains up to 20%
by weight of restaurant or cafeteria waste,
but contains little or no treated papers,
plastic or rubber wastes.
This type of waste contains 25% moisture,
10% incombustible solids and has a heating
value of 6500 B.T.U. per pound as fired.
Type 2
Refuse, consisting of an approximately
even mixture of rubbish and garbage by weight.
This type of waste is common to apartment
and residential occupancy, consisting of
up to 50% moisture, 7% incombustible solids,
and has a heating value of 4300 B.T.U. per
pound as fired.
Type 3 Garbage, consisting
of animal and vegetable wastes from restaurants,
cafeterias,
hotels, hospitals markets and like installations.
This type of waste contains up to 70% moisture,
up to 5% incombustible solids, and has a
heating value of 2500 B.T.U. per pound as
fired.
Type 4
Human and animal remains, consisting
of carcasses, organs and solid organic wastes
from hospitals, laboratories abattoirs, animal
pounds, and similar sources, consisting of
up to 85% moisture, 5 % incombustible solids,
and having a heating value of 1000 B.T.U.
per pound as fired.
Type 5
By-product waste, gaseous, liquid
or semi-liquid, such as tar, paints, solvents,
sludge, fumes, etc., from industrial operations.
B.T.U. values must be determined by the individual
materials to be destroyed.
Type 6
Solid by-product
waste, such as rubber, plastics, wood waste,
etc., from
industrial operations. B.T.U. values must
be determined by the individual materials
to be destroted.
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF INCINERATORS
Class
I
Portable, packaged, completely assembled,
direct fed incinerators, having not over
5 cu.ft. storage capacity, or 25lbs. Per hour
burning rate, suitable for type 2 Waste.
Class IA
Portable, packaged or job assembled,
direct fed incinerators 5 cu. Ft. to 15 cu.
Ft. primary chamber volume; or a burning
rate of 25lbs. Per hour up to, but not including
2 sq. ft. burning area, suitable for Type
2 Waste; or a burning rate of 25lbs. Per
hour of 25lbs. Per hour up to, but not including,
75lbs. Per hour of Type 3 Waste.
Class II
Flud-fed, single chamber incinerators
with more than 2 sg.ft. burning area, suitable
for Type 2 Waste. This type of incinerator
is served by one vertical flue functioning
both as a chute for charging waste and to
carry the products of combustion to atmosphere.
This type of incinerator installed in apartment
houses or multiple dwellings not more than
five stories high.
Class IIA
Chute - fed multiple chamber
incinerators, with more than 2 sq.ft. burning
area, suitable for Type 1 or Type 2 Waste.
(Not recommended for industrial wastes.)
This type of incinerator is served by a vertical
chute for charging waste from two or more
floors above the incinerators and a separate
flue for carrying the products of combustion
to atmosphere.
Class III
Direct fed incinerators with
a burning rate of 100 lbs. Per hour and
over, suitable for Type ), Type 1 or Type
2 Waste.
Class IV
Direct fed incinerators with
a burning rate of 75lbs. Per hour or over,
suitable for Type 3 waste.
Class V
Municipal incinerators suitable
for Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3 Wastes,
or a combination of all four wastes, and
are rated in tons per hour or tons per 24
hours.
Class VI
Crematory and pathological incinerations,
suitable for Type 4 Waste.
Class VII
Incinerators designed for specific
by-product wastes, Type 5 or Type 6.
TABLE NO. 1 B.T.U. VALUES
Waste
B.T.U.
Value /lb.
as fired
Wt.
In lbs.
Per cu. Ft.
(loose)
Wt. In lbs
Per cu. Ft.
Content by
weightin percentage
ASH
MOISTURE
Type 0 Waste
Type 1 Waste
Type 2 Waste
Type 3 Waste
Type 4 Waste
8,500
6,500
4,300
2,500
1,000
10
10
20
35
55
5
10
7
5
5
10
25
50
70
85
Kerosene
Benzene
Toluene
Hydrogen
Acetic Acid
18,900
18,210
18,440
61,000
6,280
50
55
52
.0053
65.8
.5
.5
.5
0
.5
0
0
0
0
0
Methyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
Turpentine
Naphtha
10,250
13,325
17,000
15,000
49.6
49.3
53.6
41.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Newspaper
Brown paper
Magazines
Corrugated paper
Plastic coated paper
Coated milk cartons
7,975
7,250
5,250
7,040
7,340
11,330
7
7
35
7
7
5
1.5
1.0
22.5
5.0
2.6
1.0
6
6
5
5
5
3.5
Citrus rinds
Shoe Leather
Butyl sole composition
Polyethylene
Polyurethane (foamed)
Tar or asphalt
1/3 tar - 2/3 paper
Wood sawdust (pine)
Wood sawdust
Wood bark (fir)
Wood bark
17,000
11,000
9,600
7,800-8,500
9,500
8,000-9,000
60
10-20
10-12
10-12
12-20
12-20
1
2
3
3
3
3
0
1
10
10
10
10
Corn cobs
Rags (silk or wool)
Rags (linen or cotton)
Animal Fats
8,000
8,400-8,900
7,200
17,000
10-15
10-15
10-15
50-60
3
2
2
5
5
5
0
Cotton seed hulls
Coffee grounds
Linoleum scrap
8,600
10,000
11,000
25-30
25-30
70-100
2
2
20-30
10
20
1
The
above chart shows the various B.T.U. values
of materials commonly encountered in incinerator
designs. The values given are approximate
and may vary based on their exact characteristics
or moisture content.
